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<title>Local Autonomy Act</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Local Autonomy Act</span></span>

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<p>The <b>Local Autonomy Act</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">地方自治法</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chihō-jichi-hō</i></span>)</span>, passed by the <a href="House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a> on March 28, 1947<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and promulgated as Law No. 67 of 1947 on April 17,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an Act of <a href="Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a> that established most of <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s contemporary <a href="Government_of_Japan#Local_government" title="Government of Japan">local government</a> structures and <a href="Administrative_divisions_of_Japan" title="Administrative divisions of Japan">administrative divisions</a>, including <a href="Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>, <a href="Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">municipalities</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other entities. On July 16, 1999, the law was amended to eliminate administrative functions imposed upon local governments by the central governments and to establish <a href="Committee_for_Settling_National-Local_Disputes" title="Committee for Settling National-Local Disputes">Committee for Settling National-Local Disputes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law and other relevant laws have been amended after the revision to promote <a href="Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>　

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_public_entities">Local public entities</h2></div>

<p>The classification of local public entities<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">地方公共団体</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chihō kōkyō dantai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> (LPEs) are:

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<ul><li>Ordinary LPEs

<ul><li><a href="Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a> (to, dō, fu and ken)</li>

<li><a href="Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">Municipalities</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li>

<li><a href="Towns_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of Japan">Towns</a></li>

<li><a href="Villages_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Villages of Japan">Villages</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li>Special LPEs (incomplete)

<ul><li><a href="Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">Special wards of Tokyo</a></li>

<li>Unions of LPEs

<ul><li>Partial operating unions</li>

<li>Full operating unions</li>

<li>Office operating unions</li>

<li>Regional unions</li></ul></li>

<li>Property districts</li>

<li>Regional development enterprises</li></ul></li></ul>

<p>Ordinary LPEs are the basic local governments. The distinction between ordinary and special LPEs is primarily relevant under the <a href="Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>, which grants ordinary LPEs particular rights, including:

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<ul><li>Direct elections (Article 93.2)</li>

<li>The right to legislate (Article 94)</li>

<li>Citizen referendum prior to enactment of any statute which specifically affects the LPE (Article 95)</li></ul>

<p>Special LPEs do not have these authorities except as otherwise provided by statute. While special wards are regarded as basic <a href="Local_government" title="Local government">local governments</a> within Tokyo, other special LPEs are consortia of LPEs for specific fields such as schools, waterworks and waste management.

</p><p>LPEs are self-governing in many respects, but report indirectly to the <a href="Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications">Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications</a> in <a href="Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, which monitors relations between LPEs, as well as relations between LPEs and the government. The Ministry generally approves all inter-prefectural special LPEs, while inter-municipal special LPEs are approved by prefectural governors.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revision">Revision</h2></div>

<p>The Local Autonomy Act (paragraph 5 of Article 2) was revised in 1969 that required local governments to produce a forward-looking Basic Plan (kihon keikaku) for their long-term economic and social development, to cover a duration of around 25 years. It has to be approved by the elected local council as part of a comprehensive planning that tied to the local fiscal decision. Takegawa notes that in 1970, less than 10% of local governments had made comprehensive plans, by 1975 the number had gone up to 75%, and in 1980 it was almost 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In January 2011, the <a href="Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications">Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications</a> announced plans to revise the law to enable the national government to investigate the laws of the LPEs for extralegality and place lawsuits against them if they fail to correct their actions.

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<ul><li><a href="City_designated_by_government_ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="City designated by government ordinance">City designated by government ordinance</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralisation_in_Japan" title="Decentralisation in Japan">Decentralisation in Japan</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">National Diet Library</a>, <i>Nihon hōrei sakuin</i> ("Index of Japanese laws and ordinances"): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewShingi.do?i=009212024">Legislative history of the Local Autonomy bill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728204603/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewShingi.do?i=009212024">Archived</a> 2017-07-28 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications">Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications</a>, e-gov database of legal texts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO067.html">Chihōjichihō</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209183605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO067.html">Archived</a> 2018-02-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Japan)">Ministry of Justice</a>, Japanese Law Translation Database System: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=281&vm=04&re=02&new=1">Local Autonomy Act</a></span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/housei/h145087.htm">"地方分権の推進を図るための関係法律の整備等に関する法律"</a>. <i>The House of Representatives, Japan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cao.go.jp/bunken-suishin/archive/category01/archive-h.html">"地方分権アーカイブ（法律)"</a>. <i>Cabinet Office, Government of Japan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdgington2019" class="citation journal cs1">Edgington, David W. (2 January 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02665433.2017.1389655">"Comprehensive planning in Japanese large cities"</a></span>. <i>Planning Perspectives</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>132. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PlPer..34..115E">2019PlPer..34..115E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02665433.2017.1389655">10.1080/02665433.2017.1389655</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-5433">0266-5433</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149131285">149131285</a>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209183605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO067.html">Current text</a> (in Japanese)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nippon.zaidan.info/seikabutsu/1999/00168/mokuji.htm">1999 version</a> (in English)</li>

<li><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110107a7.html">"Law revision eyed to sue locales - The Japan Times"</a>. <i><a href="The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. January 7, 2011.</cite></li></ul>

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